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Pet obesity has become one of the most significant health challenges affecting dogs and cats worldwide. Excess body weight contributes to a wide range of medical complications, including diabetes, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular strain, respiratory difficulties, and a shortened lifespan. Managing obesity in companion animals involves a combination of accurate evaluation, controlled nutrition, physical activity, and long-term lifestyle adjustments.

Understanding the Causes of Weight Gain

Obesity in pets typically results from an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure, often influenced by several factors:

• Overfeeding and free-feeding habitsPet owners may unintentionally provide excess calories through large portion sizes, frequent treats, or unrestricted access to food.

• Lack of exerciseIndoor lifestyles, limited outdoor activity, or breed-specific low energy levels can contribute to weight gain.

• Genetic predispositionBreeds such as Beagles, Labrador Retrievers, Scottish Terriers, and domestic shorthair cats are more prone to obesity.

• Hormonal conditionsHypothyroidism and Cushing’s disease can alter metabolism and lead to weight accumulation.

• Age-related changesOlder pets frequently experience slower metabolism and reduced mobility, increasing the risk of obesity.

Evaluating Pet Obesity

Veterinarians use several standardized methods to assess weight status:

• Body Condition Score (BCS)A 9-point or 5-point scoring system evaluates visible fat accumulation and palpability of ribs, waist, and abdominal tuck.

• Muscle Condition Score (MCS)Helps differentiate between fat gain and muscle loss, especially in senior pets.

• Diagnostic evaluationsBlood work or hormonal testing may be recommended to rule out underlying diseases contributing to weight gain.